Which adverse effect should not be expected from ACE inhibitors?

ACE inhibitors are primarily known for their role in treating hypertension and heart failure by preventing the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which leads to vasodilation and a reduction in blood pressure. Each of the adverse effects mentioned is associated with different classes of medications, but bradycardia is not typically a recognized or expected effect of ACE inhibitors.

Bradycardia refers to an abnormally slow heart rate, which is more commonly related to medications that exert direct effects on heart rate or cardiac conduction, such as beta-blockers or certain antiarrhythmic drugs. On the other hand, common side effects associated with ACE inhibitors include a persistent dry cough due to increased levels of bradykinin and, in some cases, gastrointestinal issues like constipation, although this is less common. Photosensitivity can also occur, although it’s more often associated with specific other medications rather than ACE inhibitors per se.

Therefore, since bradycardia is not a typical adverse effect of ACE inhibitors, it is correct to identify it as the exception among the choices provided.