Which of the following is a common side effect of beta-blockers?

Beta-blockers are medications primarily used to manage various cardiovascular conditions, including hypertension, angina, and certain types of arrhythmias. One of the well-known pharmacological effects of beta-blockers is their ability to slow down the heart rate. This occurs because beta-blockers block the action of adrenaline (epinephrine) and other stress hormones on beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart.

Bradycardia, which refers to a slower than normal heart rate, is a direct consequence of this mechanism. Therefore, when a patient is treated with beta-blockers, it is common to observe bradycardia as a side effect. While this can be beneficial in certain contexts (like reducing heart workload), it can also lead to symptoms such as dizziness or fatigue, particularly in patients with already low heart rates.

The other options do not align with typical side effects associated with beta-blockers. Increased energy is often contrary to the calming effect these drugs can have on the cardiovascular system. Similarly, beta-blockers are not known to cause hypertension; in fact, they are used to treat high blood pressure. Hyperkalemia, or elevated potassium levels, is not a common side effect of beta-blockers, although certain specific types (like those with